• Subgenres • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Fusion genres • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Regional scenes • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • () • • • • Local scenes • • Other topics • • • • • • • • • • • Rock music is a broad genre of that originated as ' in the United States in the early 1950s, and developed into a range of different styles in the 1960s and later, particularly in the United Kingdom and in the United States. It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, a style which drew heavily on the African-American genres of and, and from. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of other genres such as and, and incorporated influences from, and other musical styles. Musically, rock has centered on the, usually as part of a with and and one or more. Typically, rock is -based music usually with a using a, but the genre has become extremely diverse. Like, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political. By the late 1960s 'classic rock' period, a number of distinct rock music subgenres had emerged, including hybrids like,,,, and, many of which contributed to the development of, which was influenced by the.

May 19, 2017. A comprehensive list of new and upcoming hard rock and metal album releases for 2016. Greatest Albums Of All Time: October 2. 00 Greatest Albums Of All Time: October 2. The Queen Is Dead – The Smiths. Revolver – The Beatles. Hunky Dory – David Bowie. May 23, 2017. Download Soundgarden Badmotorfinger 320 Rare. Soundgarden download mp. Soundgarden best mp. Black Sabbath and British metal stalwarts Iron Maiden — who will be playing material exclusively from their first four albums — will share headlining duties, and they'll be joined for the 2.

New genres that emerged included, which extended the artistic elements;, which highlighted showmanship and visual style; and the diverse and enduring subgenre of, which emphasized volume, power, and speed. In the second half of the 1970s, reacted by producing stripped-down, energetic social and political critiques. Punk was an influence in the 1980s on, and eventually. From the 1990s alternative rock began to dominate rock music and break into the mainstream in the form of,, and.

Further fusion subgenres have since emerged, including,, and, as well as conscious attempts to revisit rock's history, including the / and revivals at the beginning of the 2000s (decade). Rock music has also embodied and served as the vehicle for cultural and social movements, leading to major subcultures including and in the UK and the counterculture that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s. Similarly, 1970s spawned the and subcultures. Inheriting the folk tradition of the, rock music has been associated with political activism as well as changes in social attitudes to race, sex and drug use, and is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult and. In 2006, showing a quartet lineup for a rock band (from left to right: bassist, lead vocalist, drummer, and guitarist). The sound of rock is traditionally centered on the, which emerged in its modern form in the 1950s with the popularization of rock and roll, and was influenced by the sounds of guitarists.

The sound of an electric guitar in rock music is typically supported by an electric, which pioneered in jazz music in the same era, and percussion produced from a that combines drums and cymbals. This trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the, and.

The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the basic band instrumentation (prominent, second chordal instrument, bass, and drums). A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a or and typically consists of between three–the –and five members.

Classically, a rock band takes the form of a whose members cover one or more roles, including,,,, and often that of or other. Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4, with a repetitive snare drum on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older, including the and, as well as and modes. Harmonies range from the common to parallel and and dissonant harmonic progressions. Rock songs, since the late 1950s and particularly from the mid-1960s onwards, often used the derived from blues and folk music, but there has been considerable variation from this model. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock. Because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that Reo Speedwagon Life As We Know It Rar more. 'it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition.'

A simple 4/4 drum pattern common in rock music () Unlike many earlier styles of popular music, rock lyrics have dealt with a wide range of themes in addition to romantic love: including sex, rebellion against ', social concerns and life styles. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the pop tradition, folk music and rhythm and blues. Music journalist characterizes rock lyrics as a 'cool medium' with simple diction and repeated refrains, and asserts that rock's primary 'function' 'pertains to music, or, more generally,.' The predominance of white, male and often middle class musicians in rock music has often been noted and rock has been seen as an appropriation of black musical forms for a young, white and largely male audience. As a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, 'rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality and aggression'.

Since the term rock began to be used in preference to rock and roll from the late-1960s, it has often been contrasted with pop music, with which it has shared many characteristics, but from which it is often distanced by an emphasis on musicianship, live performance and a focus on serious and progressive themes as part of an ideology of that is frequently combined with an awareness of the genre's history and development. According to 'rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the romantic concept of art as artistic expression, original and sincere'. In the new millennium the term rock has sometimes been used as a including forms such as,,, and even, with which it has been influenced but often contrasted through much of its history. 1950s: Rock and roll [ ]. See also: and The foundations of rock music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s, and quickly spread to much of the rest of the world. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various genres of the time, including and, with.

In 1951, disc jockey began playing rhythm and blues music (then termed ') for a multi-racial audience, and is credited with first using the phrase 'rock and roll' to describe the music. Debate surrounds which record should be considered the. Contenders include 's ' (1949); 's ' (1949), which was later by in 1952; and ' by and his Delta Cats (in fact, and his band the ), recorded by for in 1951. Four years later, 's ' (1955) became the first rock and roll song to top magazine's main sales and airplay charts, and opened the door worldwide for this new wave of popular culture.

In a promotion shot for in 1957 It has also been argued that ' (1954), 's first single for Sun Records in, could be the first rock and roll record, but, at the same time, 's ', later covered by Haley, was already at the top of the. Other artists with early rock and roll hits included,,,,, and. Soon rock and roll was the major force in American record sales and, such as,, and, who had dominated the previous decade of popular music, found their access to the pop charts significantly curtailed.

Rock and roll has been seen as leading to a number of distinct subgenres, including rockabilly, combining rock and roll with 'hillbilly' country music, which was usually played and recorded in the mid-1950s by white singers such as, Jerry Lee Lewis, and with the greatest commercial success, Elvis Presley. In contrast placed an emphasis on multi-part vocal harmonies and meaningless backing lyrics (from which the genre later gained its name), which were usually supported with light instrumentation and had its origins in 1930s and 1940s African American vocal groups.

Acts like,, and all scored major hits, and groups like, with songs including ' (1955), and with humorous songs like ' (1958), ranked among the most successful rock and roll acts of the period. The era also saw the growth in popularity of the, and the development of a specifically rock and roll style of playing through such exponents as Chuck Berry,, and. The use of, pioneered by guitarists such as, and in the early 1950s, was popularized by Chuck Berry in the mid-1950s. The use of, pioneered by Willie Johnson and Pat Hare in the early 1950s, was popularized by Link Wray in the late 1950s. In the United Kingdom, the and movements brought visiting artists to Britain. 's 1955 hit ' was a major influence and helped to develop the trend of groups throughout the country, many of which, including 's, moved on to play rock and roll.

Commentators have traditionally perceived a decline of rock and roll in the late 1950s and early 1960s. By 1959, the death of Buddy Holly, and in a plane crash, the departure of Elvis for the army, the retirement of Little Richard to become a preacher, prosecutions of Jerry Lee Lewis and Chuck Berry and the breaking of the scandal (which implicated major figures, including Alan Freed, in bribery and corruption in promoting individual acts or songs), gave a sense that the rock and roll era established at that point had come to an end. Early 1960s [ ] Pop rock and instrumental rock [ ]. In 2006 The term pop has been used since the early 20th century to refer to popular music in general, but from the mid-1950s it began to be used for a distinct genre, aimed at a youth market, often characterized as a softer alternative to rock and roll. From about 1967, it was increasingly used in opposition to the term rock music, to describe a form that was more commercial, ephemeral and accessible. In contrast rock music was seen as focusing on extended works, particularly albums, was often associated with particular sub-cultures (like the ), placed an emphasis on artistic values and 'authenticity', stressed live performance and instrumental or vocal virtuosity and was often seen as encapsulating progressive developments rather than simply reflecting existing trends.

Nevertheless, much pop and rock music has been very similar in sound, instrumentation and even lyrical content. Clockwise from top: Addie 'Micki' Harris,,, and. The period of the later 1950s and early 1960s has traditionally been seen as an era of hiatus for rock and roll. More recently some authors [ ] have emphasised important innovations and trends in this period without which future developments would not have been possible. While early rock and roll, particularly through the advent of rockabilly, saw the greatest commercial success for male and white performers, in this era the genre was dominated by black and female artists.

Rock and roll had not disappeared at the end of the 1950s and some of its energy can be seen in the dance craze of the early 1960s, mainly benefiting the career of. Had the first hit with ', effectively ushering in the sound of.

At the start of the 1960s, his backing group was the most successful group recording instrumentals. While rock 'n' roll was fading into lightweight pop and ballads, British at clubs and local dances, heavily influenced by blues-rock pioneers like, were starting to play with an intensity and drive seldom found in white American acts. Also significant was the advent of as a major commercial force. Developing out of rhythm and blues with a re-injection of gospel music and pop, led by pioneers like and from the mid-1950s, by the early 1960s figures like,,, and were dominating the R&B charts and breaking through into the main pop charts, helping to accelerate their desegregation, while and Records were becoming major forces in the record industry. Some historians of music [ ] have also pointed to important and innovative technical developments that built on rock and roll in this period, including the electronic treatment of sound by such innovators as, and the elaborate production methods of the pursued. Surf music [ ].

Performing in 1964 The instrumental rock and roll of performers such as, Link Wray and was developed by, who added distinctive 'wet', rapid alternate picking, and and influences. He produced the regional hit ' in 1961 and launched the surf music craze, following up with songs like ' (1962).

Like Dale and his, most early surf bands were formed in Southern California, including the, the, and. Scored a top ten national hit with ' in 1963 and probably the best known surf tune was 1963's ', by the, which hit number 2 and number 10 on the Billboard charts in 1965. Surf music achieved its greatest commercial success as vocal music, particularly the work of, formed in 1961 in Southern California.

Their early albums included both instrumental surf rock (among them covers of music by Dick Dale) and vocal songs, drawing on rock and roll and and the close harmonies of vocal pop acts like the. [ ] Their first chart hit, ' in 1962 reached the Billboard top 100 and helped make the surf music craze a national phenomenon.

The surf music craze and the careers of almost all surf acts was effectively ended by the arrival of the British Invasion from 1964. Arriving in New York in January 1964 at the beginning of the By the end of 1962, what would become the British rock scene had started with like the Beatles, and from Liverpool and, and from Manchester. They drew on a wide range of American influences including soul, rhythm and blues and surf music, initially reinterpreting standard American tunes and playing for dancers.

Bands like from and from, and particularly those from London like and, were much more directly influenced by rhythm and blues and later blues music. Soon these groups were composing their own material, combining US forms of music and infusing it with a high energy beat. Beat bands tended towards 'bouncy, irresistible melodies', while early acts tended towards less sexually innocent, more aggressive songs, often adopting an anti-establishment stance. There was, however, particularly in the early stages, considerable musical crossover between the two tendencies. By 1963, led by the Beatles, beat groups had begun to achieve national success in Britain, soon to be followed into the charts by the more rhythm and blues focused acts. ' was the Beatles' first number 1 hit on the, spending 7 weeks at the top and a total of 15 weeks on the chart. Their first appearance on on 9 February 1964, drawing an estimated 73 million viewers (at the time a record for an American television program) is often considered a milestone in American pop culture.

During the week of 4 April 1964, the Beatles held twelve positions on the singles chart, including the entire top five. The Beatles went on to become the biggest selling rock band of all time and they were followed into the US charts by numerous British bands. During the next two years British acts dominated their own and the US charts with, the Animals,,, Freddie and the Dreamers,, Herman's Hermits, the Rolling Stones,, and all having one or more number one singles. Other major acts that were part of the invasion included and. The British Invasion helped internationalize the production of rock and roll, opening the door for subsequent British (and Irish) performers to achieve international success. In America it arguably spelled the end of instrumental surf music, vocal girl groups and (for a time) the, that had dominated the American charts in the late 1950s and 1960s.

It dented the careers of established R&B acts like and and even temporarily derailed the chart success of surviving rock and roll acts, including Elvis. The British Invasion also played a major part in the rise of a distinct genre of rock music, and cemented the primacy of the rock group, based on guitars and drums and producing their own material as.

Garage rock [ ]. Main article: Garage rock was a raw form of rock music, particularly prevalent in North America in the mid-1960s and so called because of the perception that it was rehearsed in the suburban family garage. Garage rock songs often revolved around the traumas of high school life, with songs about 'lying girls' being particularly common. The lyrics and delivery tended to be more aggressive than was common at the time, often with growled or shouted vocals that dissolved into incoherent screaming. They ranged from crude one-chord music (like ) to near-studio musician quality (including,, and ).

There were also regional variations in many parts of the country with flourishing scenes particularly in California and Texas. The Pacific Northwest states of Washington and Oregon had perhaps [ ] the most defined regional sound. (later ) in 1964 The style had been evolving from regional scenes as early as 1958. 'Tall Cool One' (1959) by and ' by (1963) are mainstream examples of the genre in its formative stages. By 1963, garage band singles were creeping into the national charts in greater numbers, including (Boise), (Minneapolis) and (South Bend, Indiana).

Other influential garage bands, such as (Tacoma, Washington), never reached the. The British Invasion greatly influenced garage bands, providing them with a national audience, leading many (often or groups) to adopt a British influence, and encouraging many more groups to form. Thousands of garage bands were extant in the US and Canada during the era and hundreds produced regional hits. Despite scores of bands being signed to major or large regional labels, most were commercial failures. It is generally agreed that garage rock peaked both commercially and artistically around 1966.

By 1968 the style largely disappeared from the national charts and at the local level as amateur musicians faced college, work or the. New styles had evolved to replace garage rock. This section should include only a brief summary of.

See for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article's main text. (February 2017) Although the first impact of the British Invasion on American popular music was through beat and R&B based acts, the impetus was soon taken up by a second wave of bands that drew their inspiration more directly from American, including the Rolling Stones and the Yardbirds. British blues musicians of the late 1950s and early 1960s had been inspired by the acoustic playing of figures such as, who was a major influence on the Skiffle craze, and. Increasingly they adopted a loud amplified sound, often centered on the electric guitar, based on the, particularly after the tour of Britain by in 1958, which prompted and guitarist to form the band. The band involved and inspired many of the figures of the subsequent boom, including members of the Rolling Stones and, combining blues standards and forms with rock instrumentation and emphasis. Performing in Barcelona in 1974 The other key focus for British blues was; his band,, included (after his departure from the Yardbirds) and later.

Particularly significant was the release of (Beano) album (1966), considered one of the seminal British blues recordings and the sound of which was much emulated in both Britain and the United States. Eric Clapton went on to form supergroups Cream, and, followed by an extensive solo career that helped bring blues rock into the. Green, along with the Bluesbreaker's rhythm section and, formed Peter Green's, who enjoyed some of the greatest commercial success in the genre. In the late 1960s, also an alumnus of the Yardbirds, moved blues rock in the direction of heavy rock with his band,.

The last Yardbirds guitarist was, who went on to form The New Yardbirds which rapidly became. Many of the songs on their first three albums, and occasionally later in their careers, were expansions on traditional blues songs. In America, blues rock had been pioneered in the early 1960s by guitarist, but the genre began to take off in the mid-1960s as acts developed a sound similar to British blues musicians. Key acts included (whose band acted like Mayall's Bluesbreakers in Britain as a starting point for many successful musicians),, the early,,, and with his, the Jimi Hendrix Experience and, whose guitar virtuosity and showmanship would be among the most emulated of the decade. Blues rock bands from the southern states, like the,, and, incorporated country elements into their style to produce distinctive. Early blues rock bands often emulated jazz, playing long, involved improvisations, which would later be a major element of progressive rock. From about 1967 bands like Cream and the Jimi Hendrix Experience had moved away from purely blues-based music into.

By the 1970s, blues rock had become heavier and more riff-based, exemplified by the work of Led Zeppelin and, and the lines between blues rock and 'were barely visible', as bands began recording rock-style albums. The genre was continued in the 1970s by figures such as and, but, particularly on the British scene (except perhaps for the advent of groups such as and who moved towards a form of high energy and repetitive ), bands became focused on innovation, and blues rock began to slip out of the mainstream. Torrent Marianne Faithfull Broken English. Folk rock [ ]. And in 1963 By the 1960s, the scene that had developed out of the had grown to a major movement, utilising traditional music and new compositions in a traditional style, usually on acoustic instruments.

In America the genre was pioneered by figures such as and and often identified with. In the early sixties figures such as and had come to the fore in this movement as singer-songwriters. Dylan had begun to reach a mainstream audience with hits including ' (1963) and ' (1963), which brought ' to a wider public, but, although beginning to influence each other, rock and folk music had remained largely separate genres, often with mutually exclusive audiences. Early attempts to combine elements of folk and rock included the Animals' ' (1964), which was the first commercially successful folk song to be recorded with rock and roll instrumentation and the Beatles ' (1964), arguably the first Beatles song to be influenced directly by Dylan.

The folk rock movement is usually thought to have taken off with ' recording of Dylan's ' which topped the charts in 1965. With members who had been part of the cafe-based folk scene in Los Angeles, the Byrds adopted rock instrumentation, including drums and 12-string guitars, which became a major element in the sound of the genre. Later that year Dylan adopted electric instruments, much to the of many folk purists, with his ' becoming a US hit single. Folk rock particularly took off in California, where it led acts like and to move to electric instrumentation, and in New York, where it spawned performers including and, with the latter's acoustic ' (1965) being remixed with rock instruments to be the first of many hits. These acts directly influenced British performers like Donovan and. In 1969 Fairport Convention abandoned their mixture of American covers and Dylan-influenced songs to play traditional English folk music on electric instruments. This British folk rock was taken up by bands including, and, which in turn prompted Irish groups like and Scottish acts like the, Spencer's Feat and later, to use their traditional music to create a brand of in the early 1970s.

Folk rock reached its peak of commercial popularity in the period 1967–68, before many acts moved off in a variety of directions, including Dylan and the Byrds, who began to develop. However, the hybridization of folk and rock has been seen as having a major influence on the development of rock music, bringing in elements of psychedelia, and helping to develop the ideas of the singer-songwriter, the protest song and concepts of 'authenticity'. Performing on Dutch TV in 1967 Psychedelic music's -inspired vibe began in the folk scene. The first group to advertise themselves as psychedelic rock were from Texas. The Beatles introduced many of the major elements of the psychedelic sound to audiences in this period, such as, the Indian and. Psychedelic rock particularly took off in California's emerging music scene as groups followed the 's shift from folk to from 1965. The psychedelic life style, which revolved around hallucinogenic drugs, had already developed in San Francisco and particularly prominent products of the scene were and.

The 's lead guitarist, did extended distorted, feedback-filled jams which became a key feature of psychedelia. Psychedelic rock reached its apogee in the last years of the decade. 1967 saw the Beatles release their definitive psychedelic statement in, including the controversial track ', the Rolling Stones responded later that year with, and the debuted with. Key recordings included Jefferson Airplane's and '.

These trends climaxed in the 1969, which saw performances by most of the major psychedelic acts. Progressive rock [ ]. This section should include only a brief summary of. See for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article's main text. (August 2016) Progressive rock, a term sometimes used interchangeably with, moved beyond established musical formulas by experimenting with different instruments, song types, and forms. From the mid-1960s, the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and the Beach Boys, had pioneered the inclusion of,, and sections on their recordings to produce a form of and can be heard in singles like 's ' (1967), with its -inspired introduction. Used a full orchestra on their album (1967) and subsequently created orchestral sounds with.

Classical orchestration, keyboards and synthesisers were a frequent addition to the established rock format of guitars, bass and drums in subsequent progressive rock. Of in 1980 In the late 1960s jazz rock emerged as a distinct subgenre out of the blues rock, psychedelic and progressive rock scenes, mixing the power of rock with the musical complexity and improvisational elements of jazz. States that the term jazz-rock 'may refer to the loudest, wildest, most electrified fusion bands from the jazz camp, but most often it describes performers coming from the rock side of the equation.'

Jazz rock '.generally grew out of the most artistically ambitious rock subgenres of the late '60s and early '70s', including the movement. Many early US rock and roll musicians had begun in jazz and carried some of these elements into the new music. In Britain the subgenre of blues rock, and many of its leading figures, like and of the -fronted band, had emerged from the scene. Often highlighted as the first true jazz-rock recording is the only album by the relatively obscure New York-based with Out of Sight and Sound (1966).

The first group of bands to self-consciously use the label were R&B oriented white rock bands that made use of jazzy horn sections, like, Blood, Sweat & Tears and, to become some of the most commercially successful acts of the later 1960s and early 1970s. British acts to emerge in the same period from the blues scene, to make use of the tonal and improvisational aspects of jazz, included and the and John Mayall spin-off. From the psychedelic rock and the Canterbury scenes came Soft Machine, who, it has been suggested, produced one of the artistically successfully fusions of the two genres. Perhaps the most critically acclaimed fusion came from the jazz side of the equation, with, particularly influenced by the work of Hendrix, incorporating rock instrumentation into his sound for the album (1970). It was a major influence on subsequent rock-influenced jazz artists, including, and. The genre began to fade in the late 1970s, as a mellower form of fusion began to take its audience, but acts like, Frank Zappa and recorded significant jazz-influenced albums in this period, and it has continued to be a major influence on rock music.

Early 1970s [ ] Roots rock [ ]. This section should include only a brief summary of. See for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article's main text.

(February 2017) Roots rock is the term now used to describe a move away from what some saw as the excesses of the psychedelic scene, to a more basic form of rock and roll that incorporated its original influences, particularly country and folk music, leading to the creation of country rock and Southern rock. In 1966 Bob Dylan went to to record the album.

This, and subsequent more clearly country-influenced albums, have been seen as creating the genre of, a route pursued by a number of largely acoustic folk musicians. Other acts that followed the back-to-basics trend were the Canadian group and the California-based, both of which mixed basic rock and roll with folk, country and blues, to be among the most successful and influential bands of the late 1960s. The same movement saw the beginning of the recording careers of Californian solo artists like, and, and influenced the work of established performers such as the Rolling Stones' (1968) and the Beatles' (1970). The during their 2008–2009 In 1968, recorded with the, arguably the first true album. Later that year he joined the Byrds for (1968), generally considered one of the most influential recordings in the genre.

The Byrds continued in the same vein, but Parsons left to be joined by another ex-Byrds member in forming who helped establish the respectability and parameters of the genre, before Parsons departed to pursue a solo career. Bands in California that adopted country rock included Hearts and Flowers,,, the, and the. Some performers also enjoyed a renaissance by adopting country sounds, including: the Everly Brothers; one-time Rick Nelson who became the frontman for the Stone Canyon Band; former Monkee who formed the; and. Were, unusually, a country act, who moved towards rock music. The greatest commercial success for country rock came in the 1970s, with artists including the,, and the (made up of members of the Burritos, Poco, and Stone Canyon Band), who emerged as one of the most successful rock acts of all time, producing albums that included (1976). The founders of Southern rock are usually thought to be the Allman Brothers Band, who developed a distinctive sound, largely derived from, but incorporating elements of, soul, and country in the early 1970s.

The most successful act to follow them were Lynyrd Skynyrd, who helped establish the ' image of the subgenre and the general shape of 1970s' guitar rock. Their successors included the fusion/progressive instrumentalists, the more country-influenced, jazz-leaning and (incorporating elements of R&B and gospel) the. After the loss of original members of the Allmans and Lynyrd Skynyrd, the genre began to fade in popularity in the late 1970s, but was sustained the 1980s with acts like, and. Glam rock [ ]. This section should include only a brief summary of. See for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article's main text.

(February 2017) Glam rock emerged from the English psychedelic and art rock scenes of the late 1960s and can be seen as both an extension of and reaction against those trends. Musically diverse, varying between the simple rock and roll revivalism of figures like to the complex art rock of Roxy Music, and can be seen as much as a fashion as a musical subgenre. Visually it was a mesh of various styles, ranging from 1930s glamor, through 1950s pin-up sex appeal, pre-war theatrics, literary and styles,, to ancient and occult and; manifesting itself in outrageous clothes, makeup, hairstyles, and platform-soled boots. Glam is most noted for its sexual and gender ambiguity and representations of, beside extensive use of theatrics. It was prefigured by the showmanship and gender-identity manipulation of American acts such as and. The origins of glam rock are associated with, who had renamed his folk duo to and taken up electric instruments by the end of the 1960s. Often cited as the moment of inception is his appearance on the UK TV programme in December 1970 wearing glitter, to perform what would be his first number 1 single '.

From 1971, already a minor star, developed his Ziggy Stardust persona, incorporating elements of professional make up, mime and performance into his act. These performers were soon followed in the style by acts including Roxy Music,,,, and. While highly successful in the single charts in the UK, very few of these musicians were able to make a serious impact in the United States; Bowie was the major exception becoming an international superstar and prompting the adoption of glam styles among acts like,, and, often known as 'glitter rock' and with a darker lyrical content than their British counterparts. In the UK the term glitter rock was most often used to refer to the extreme version of glam pursued by and his support musicians the, who between them achieved eighteen top ten singles in the UK between 1972 and 1976. A second wave of glam rock acts, including, 's and, dominated the British single charts from about 1974 to 1976. Existing acts, some not usually considered central to the genre, also adopted glam styles, including,, and, for a time, even the Rolling Stones. It was also a direct influence on acts that rose to prominence later, including and, and less directly on the formation of and as well as on punk rock, which helped end the fashion for glam from about 1976.

Glam has since enjoyed sporadic modest revivals through bands such as, and in R n' B crossover act. Live at in January 1975 From the late 1960s it became common to divide mainstream rock music into soft and hard rock. Soft rock was often derived from folk rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody and harmonies. Major artists included, and.

It reached its commercial peak in the mid- to late 1970s with acts like, and the reformed, whose (1977) was the best-selling album of the decade. In contrast, hard rock was more often derived from blues-rock and was played louder and with more intensity. It often emphasised the electric guitar, both as a rhythm instrument using simple repetitive riffs and as a solo instrument, and was more likely to be used with and other effects. Key acts included British Invasion bands like the Kinks, as well as psychedelic era performers like Cream, Jimi Hendrix and.

Hard rock-influenced bands that enjoyed international success in the later 1970s included Queen,,,. And From the late 1960s the term 'heavy metal' began to be used to describe some hard rock played with even more volume and intensity, first as an adjective and by the early 1970s as a noun.

The term was first used in music in 's ' (1967) and began to be associated with pioneer bands like San Francisco's, Cleveland's and Michigan's. By 1970 three key British bands had developed the characteristic sounds and styles which would help shape the subgenre. Added elements of to their riff laden blues-rock, brought in symphonic and medieval interests from their progressive rock phase and introduced facets of the and, helping to produce a 'darker' sound. These elements were taken up by a 'second generation' of heavy metal bands into the late 1970s, including:,, and from Britain;,, and from the US; from Canada and from Germany, all marking the expansion in popularity of the subgenre. Despite a lack of airplay and very little presence on the singles charts, late-1970s heavy metal built a considerable following, particularly among adolescent working-class males in North America and Europe. Christian rock [ ]. On stage in 1986 Rock, mostly the heavy metal genre, has been criticized by some leaders, who have condemned it as immoral, anti-Christian and even demonic.

However, Christian rock began to develop in the late 1960s, particularly out of the beginning in Southern California, and emerged as a subgenre in the 1970s with artists like, usually seen as the first major 'star' of Christian rock. The genre has been particularly popular in the United States. Many Christian rock performers have ties to the scene, while other bands and artists are closely linked to. Since the 1980s Christian rock performers have gained mainstream success, including figures such as the American gospel-to-pop crossover artist and the British singer. While these artists were largely acceptable in Christian communities the adoption of heavy rock and glam metal styles by bands like and, who achieved considerable mainstream success in the 1980s, was more controversial. From the 1990s there were increasing numbers of acts who attempted to avoid the Christian band label, preferring to be seen as groups who were also Christians, including and. Performing in 1976 Punk rock was developed between 1974 and 1976 in the United States and the United Kingdom.

Rooted in garage rock and other forms of what is now known as protopunk music, punk rock bands eschewed the perceived excesses of mainstream 1970s rock. They created fast, hard-edged music, typically with short songs, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a, with many bands self-producing their recordings and distributing them through informal channels. By late 1976, acts such as the and, in New York City, and the and, in London, were recognized as the vanguard of a new musical movement.

The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world. Punk quickly, though briefly, became a major cultural phenomenon in the United Kingdom. For the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive and a variety of. By the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and had become the predominant mode of punk rock.

This has resulted in several evolved strains of hardcore punk, such as (a distortion-heavy subgenre influenced by the UK band ), (such as ), (such as ), and. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a broad range of other variations, giving rise to, and the movement. New wave [ ]. From the band, performing at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto in 1977 Although punk rock was a significant social and musical phenomenon, it achieved less in the way of record sales (being distributed by small specialty labels such as ), or American radio airplay (as the radio scene continued to be dominated by mainstream formats such as and ). Punk rock had attracted devotees from the art and collegiate world and soon bands sporting a more literate, arty approach, such as and began to infiltrate the punk scene; in some quarters the description 'new wave' began to be used to differentiate these less overtly punk bands.

Record executives, who had been mostly mystified by the punk movement, recognized the potential of the more accessible new wave acts and began aggressively signing and marketing any band that could claim a remote connection to punk or new wave. Many of these bands, such as and can be seen as pop bands marketed as new wave; other existing acts, including, and, used the new wave movement as the springboard for relatively long and critically successful careers, while 'skinny tie' bands exemplified by, or the photogenic, began as punk acts and moved into more commercial territory.

Between 1979 and 1985, influenced by Kraftwerk,, David Bowie and, British new wave went in the direction of such New Romantics as,,,,,, and the, sometimes using the synthesizer to replace all other instruments. This period coincided with the rise of and led to a great deal of exposure for this brand of synth-pop, creating what has been characterised as a. Some more traditional rock bands adapted to the video age and profited from MTV's, most obviously, whose ' gently poked fun at the station, despite the fact that it had helped make them international stars, but in general, guitar-oriented rock was commercially eclipsed. Post-punk [ ]. Performing on If hardcore most directly pursued the stripped down aesthetic of punk, and new wave came to represent its commercial wing, post-punk emerged in the later 1970s and early 1980s as its more artistic and challenging side. Major influences beside punk bands were, Frank Zappa and, and the New York-based scene which placed an emphasis on performance, including bands such as, and. Early contributors to the genre included the US bands, Devo, and.

The first wave of British post-punk included, and, who placed less emphasis on art than their US counterparts and more on the dark emotional qualities of their music. Bands like Siouxsie and the Banshees,,, and, moved increasingly in this direction to found Gothic rock, which had become the basis of a major by the early 1980s. Similar emotional territory was pursued by Australian acts like and. Members of Bauhaus and Joy Division explored new stylistic territory as and respectively. Another early post-punk movement was the industrial music developed by British bands and, and New York-based, using a variety of electronic and sampling techniques that emulated the sound of industrial production and which would develop into a variety of forms of in the 1980s. The second generation of British post-punk bands that broke through in the early 1980s, including,,, and the, tended to move away from dark sonic landscapes. Arguably the most successful band to emerge from post-punk was Ireland's, who incorporated elements of religious imagery together with political commentary into their often anthemic music, and by the late 1980s had become one of the biggest bands in the world.

Although many post-punk bands continued to record and perform, it declined as a movement in the mid-1980s as acts disbanded or moved off to explore other musical areas, but it has continued to influence the development of rock music and has been seen as a major element in the creation of the alternative rock movement. Heartland rock [ ]. In in 1988 American working-class oriented heartland rock, characterized by a straightforward musical style, and a concern with the lives of ordinary, American people, developed in the second half of the 1970s.

The term heartland rock was first used to describe groups like, and Styx, but which came to be associated with a more socially concerned form of roots rock more directly influenced by folk, country and rock and roll. It has been seen as an American Midwest and counterpart to West Coast country rock and the Southern rock of the American South. Led by figures who had initially been identified with punk and New Wave, it was most strongly influenced by acts such as Bob Dylan, the Byrds, Creedence Clearwater Revival and, and the basic rock of 1960s garage and the Rolling Stones. Exemplified by the commercial success of singer songwriters,, and, along with less widely known acts such as and, it was partly a reaction to post-industrial urban decline in the East and Mid-West, often dwelling on issues of social disintegration and isolation, beside a form of good-time rock and roll revivalism. The genre reached its commercial, artistic and influential peak in the mid-1980s, with Springsteen's (1984), topping the charts worldwide and spawning a series of top ten singles, together with the arrival of artists including, and more gentle singer-songwriters such as.

It can also be heard as an influence on artists as diverse as, and. Heartland rock faded away as a recognized genre by the early 1990s, as rock music in general, and blue collar and white working class themes in particular, lost influence with younger audiences, and as heartland's artists turned to more personal works. Many heartland rock artists continue to record today with critical and commercial success, most notably Bruce Springsteen, Tom Petty and John Mellencamp, although their works have become more personal and experimental and no longer fit easily into a single genre. Newer artists whose music would perhaps have been labelled heartland rock had it been released in the 1970s or 1980s, such as Missouri's and Illinois', often find themselves labeled. Was a successful band in the 1980s The term alternative rock was coined in the early 1980s to describe rock artists who did not fit into the mainstream genres of the time. Bands dubbed 'alternative' had no unified style, but were all seen as distinct from mainstream music.

Alternative bands were linked by their collective debt to punk rock, through hardcore, New Wave or the post-punk movements. Important alternative rock bands of the 1980s in the US included,,,, and the, and in the UK,,, and.

Artists were largely confined to, building an extensive underground music scene based on, fanzines, touring, and word-of-mouth. They rejected the dominant synth-pop of the early 1980s, marking a return to group-based guitar rock. Few of these early bands achieved mainstream success, although exceptions to this rule include R.E.M., the Smiths, and the Cure.

Despite a general lack of spectacular album sales, the original alternative rock bands exerted a considerable influence on the generation of musicians who came of age in the 1980s and ended up breaking through to mainstream success in the 1990s. Styles of alternative rock in the U.S. During the 1980s included, associated with the early recordings of R.E.M., which incorporated the ringing guitars of mid-1960s pop and rock, and college rock, used to describe alternative bands that began in the college circuit and college radio, including acts such as and. In the UK Gothic rock was dominant in the early 1980s, but by the end of the decade indie or dream pop like,, and, and what were dubbed bands like,,,, and the. Particularly vibrant was the scene, produced such bands as, the, and. The next decade would see the success of in the United States and in the United Kingdom, bringing alternative rock into the mainstream. In 1992 Disaffected by commercialized and highly produced pop and rock in the mid-1980s, bands in (particularly in the area) formed a new style of rock which sharply contrasted with the mainstream music of the time.

The developing genre came to be known as 'grunge', a term descriptive of the dirty sound of the music and the unkempt appearance of most musicians, who actively rebelled against the over-groomed images of other artists. Grunge fused elements of and into a single sound, and made heavy use of guitar, and. The lyrics were typically apathetic and angst-filled, and often concerned themes such as social alienation and entrapment, although it was also known for its dark humor and parodies of commercial rock. Bands such as,, and pioneered the genre, with becoming the most successful by the end of the decade. Grunge remained largely a local phenomenon until 1991, when 's album became a huge success, containing the anthemic song '. Nevermind was more melodic than its predecessors, by signing to Geffen Records the band was one of the first to employ traditional corporate promotion and marketing mechanisms such as an MTV video, in store displays and the use of radio 'consultants' who promoted airplay at major mainstream rock stations. During 1991 and 1992, other grunge albums such as 's, Soundgarden's and ', along with the album featuring members of Pearl Jam and Soundgarden, became among the 100 top-selling albums.

Major record labels signed most of the remaining grunge bands in Seattle, while a second influx of acts moved to the city in the hope of success. However, with the and the subsequent break-up of Nirvana in 1994, touring problems for Pearl Jam and the departure of Alice in Chains' lead singer in 1996, the genre began to decline, partly to be overshadowed by Britpop and more commercial sounding. Performing in 2005 Britpop emerged from the British alternative rock scene of the early 1990s and was characterised by bands particularly influenced by British guitar music of the 1960s and 1970s. Were a major influence, as were bands of the scene, which had dissolved in the early 1990s. The movement has been seen partly as a reaction against various U.S. Based, musical and cultural trends in the late 1980s and early 1990s, particularly the phenomenon and as a reassertion of a British rock identity.

Britpop was varied in style, but often used catchy tunes and hooks, beside lyrics with particularly British concerns and the adoption of the iconography of the 1960s British Invasion, including the symbols of British identity previously utilised by the mods. It was launched around 1992 with releases by groups such as and, who were soon joined by others including,, and, who produced a series of top ten albums and singles. For a while the contest between Blur and Oasis was built by the popular press into 'The Battle of Britpop', initially won by Blur, but with Oasis achieving greater long-term and international success, directly influencing a third generation of Britpop bands, including, and.

Britpop groups brought British alternative rock into the mainstream and formed the backbone of a larger British cultural movement known as. Although its more popular bands, particularly Blur and Oasis, were able to spread their commercial success overseas, especially to the United States, the movement had largely fallen apart by the end of the decade. Performing an acoustic show in 2007 The term post-grunge was coined for the generation of bands that followed the emergence into the mainstream and subsequent hiatus of the Seattle grunge bands. Post-grunge bands emulated their attitudes and music, but with a more radio-friendly commercially oriented sound. Often they worked through the major labels and came to incorporate diverse influences from jangle pop, pop-punk, or hard rock. The term post-grunge originally was meant to be pejorative, suggesting that they were simply musically derivative, or a cynical response to an 'authentic' rock movement.

Originally, grunge bands that emerged when grunge was mainstream and were suspected of emulating the grunge sound were pejoratively labelled as post-grunge. From 1994, former Nirvana drummer 's new band, the, helped popularize the genre and define its parameters. Although male bands predominated post-grunge, female solo artist 's 1995 album, labelled as post-grunge, also became a multi-platinum hit. Post-grunge morphed during the late 1990s as post-grunge bands like and emerged.

Bands like Creed and Nickelback took post-grunge into the 21st century with considerable commercial success, abandoning most of the angst and anger of the original movement for more conventional anthems, narratives and romantic songs, and were followed in this vein by newer acts including,, and. Performing in 2013 The origins of 1990s pop punk can be seen in the more song-oriented bands of the 1970s punk movement like and, commercially successful New Wave acts such as and, and the more hardcore-influenced elements of alternative rock in the 1980s. Pop-punk tends to use power-pop melodies and chord changes with speedy punk tempos and loud guitars. Punk music provided the inspiration for some California-based bands on independent labels in the early 1990s, including,, and. In 1994 Green Day moved to a major label and produced the album, which found a new, largely teenage, audience and proved a surprise diamond-selling success, leading to a series of hit singles, including two number ones in the US.

They were soon followed by the, which spawned three top ten singles in the US. This success opened the door for the multi-platinum sales of metallic punk band with (1994). This first wave of pop punk reached its commercial peak with Green Day's (1997) and The Offspring's (1998). A second wave of pop punk was spearheaded by, with their breakthrough album (1999), followed by bands such as, and, who made use of humour in their videos and had a more radio-friendly tone to their music, while retaining the speed, some of the attitude and even the look of 1970s punk. Later pop-punk bands, including,, and, had a sound that has been described as closer to 1980s hardcore, while still achieving commercial success. Indie rock [ ]. Lo-fi indie rock band In the 1980s the terms indie rock and alternative rock were used interchangeably.

By the mid-1990s, as elements of the movement began to attract mainstream interest, particularly grunge and then Britpop, post-grunge and pop-punk, the term alternative began to lose its meaning. Those bands following the less commercial contours of the scene were increasingly referred to by the label indie. They characteristically attempted to retain control of their careers by releasing albums on their own or small independent labels, while relying on touring, word-of-mouth, and airplay on independent or college radio stations for promotion.

Linked by an ethos more than a musical approach, the indie rock movement encompassed a wide range of styles, from hard-edged, grunge-influenced bands like and, through do-it-yourself experimental bands like, to punk-folk singers such as. It has been noted that indie rock has a relatively high proportion of female artists compared with preceding rock genres, a tendency exemplified by the development of feminist-informed music. Many countries have developed an extensive local scene, flourishing with bands with enough popularity to survive inside the respective country, but virtually unknown outside them. By the end of the 1990s many recognisable subgenres, most with their origins in the late 1980s alternative movement, were included under the umbrella of indie.

Lo-fi eschewed polished recording techniques for a D.I.Y. Ethos and was spearheaded by, and. The work of and helped inspire both post rock, an experimental style influenced by and, pioneered by and taken up by acts such as,, and, as well as leading to more dense and complex, guitar-based math rock, developed by acts like and. Space rock looked back to progressive roots, with drone heavy and minimalist acts like, the two bands created out of its split, and, and later groups including, and. In contrast, emphasised pain and suffering through melodic use of acoustic and electronic instrumentation in the music of bands like and, while the revival of Baroque pop reacted against lo-fi and experimental music by placing an emphasis on melody and classical instrumentation, with artists like, and. Alternative metal, rap rock and nu metal [ ]. In 2008 From about 1997, as dissatisfaction grew with the concept of Cool Britannia, and Britpop as a movement began to dissolve, emerging bands began to avoid the Britpop label while still producing music derived from it.

Many of these bands tended to mix elements of British traditional rock (or British trad rock), particularly the Beatles, Rolling Stones and, with American influences, including post-grunge. Drawn from across the United Kingdom (with several important bands emerging from the north of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland), the themes of their music tended to be less parochially centered on British, English and London life and more introspective than had been the case with Britpop at its height. This, beside a greater willingness to engage with the American press and fans, may have helped some of them in achieving international success. Post Britpop bands have been seen as presenting the image of the rock star as an ordinary person and their increasingly melodic music was criticised for being bland or derivative. Post Britpop bands like with (1997), from (1997), from (1999), from (1999), from (2001) and particularly from their debut album (2000), achieved much wider international success than most of the Britpop groups that had preceded them, and were some of the most commercially successful acts of the late 1990s and early 2000s, arguably providing a launchpad for the subsequent or, which has also been seen as a reaction to their introspective brand of rock. 2000s–present [ ]. See also: Post-hardcore developed in the US, particularly in the Chicago and Washington, DC areas, in the early to mid-1980s, with bands that were inspired by the do-it-yourself ethics and guitar-heavy music of hardcore punk, but influenced by post-punk, adopting longer song formats, more complex musical structures and sometimes more melodic vocal styles.

Emo also emerged from the hardcore scene in 1980s Washington, D.C., initially as 'emocore', used as a term to describe bands who favored expressive vocals over the more common abrasive, barking style. The early emo scene operated as an underground, with short-lived bands releasing small-run vinyl records on tiny independent labels. Emo broke into mainstream culture in the early 2000s with the platinum-selling success of Jimmy Eat World's (2001) and 's (2003). The new emo had a much more mainstream sound than in the 1990s and a far greater appeal amongst adolescents than its earlier incarnations. At the same time, use of the term emo expanded beyond the musical genre, becoming associated with fashion, a hairstyle and any music that expressed emotion. By 2003 post-hardcore bands had also caught the attention of major labels and began to enjoy mainstream success in the album charts.

[ ] A number of these bands were seen as a more aggressive offshoot of emo and given the often vague label of. Garage rock/post-punk revival [ ].

See also:,,,,, and In the 2000s, as computer technology became more accessible and advanced, it became possible to create high quality music using little more than a single. This resulted in a massive increase in the amount of home-produced electronic music available to the general public via the expanding internet, and new forms of performance such as laptronica and.

These techniques also began to be used by existing bands and by developing genres that mixed rock with digital techniques and sounds, including indie electronic, electroclash, dance-punk and new rave. [ ] Social impact [ ].

The 1969 was seen as a celebration of the lifestyle. When an international rock culture developed, it supplanted as the major sources of fashion influence. Paradoxically, followers of rock music have often mistrusted the world of fashion, which has been seen as elevating image above substance. Rock fashions have been seen as combining elements of different cultures and periods, as well as expressing divergent views on sexuality and gender, and rock music in general has been noted and criticised for facilitating greater sexual freedom. Rock has also been associated with various forms of use, including the taken by mods in the early to mid-1960s, through the,, and other hallucinogenic drugs linked with in the late 1960s and early 1970s; and sometimes to, and, all of which have been eulogised in song.

Rock has been credited with changing attitudes to race by opening up to white audiences; but at the same time, rock has been accused of and exploiting that culture. While rock music has absorbed many influences and introduced Western audiences to different musical traditions, the global spread of rock music has been interpreted as a form of. Rock music inherited the folk tradition of, making political statements on subjects such as war, religion, poverty, civil rights, justice and the environment.

Political activism reached a mainstream peak with the ' single (1984) and concert for Ethiopia in 1985, which, while successfully raising awareness of world poverty and funds for aid, have also been criticised (along with similar events), for providing a stage for self-aggrandisement and increased profits for the rock stars involved. Since its early development rock music has been associated with rebellion against social and political norms, most obviously in early rock and roll's rejection of an adult-dominated culture, the counterculture's rejection of consumerism and conformity and punk's rejection of all forms of social convention, however, it can also be seen as providing a means of commercial exploitation of such ideas and of diverting youth away from political action.

Role of women [ ]. • The terms 'pop-rock' and 'power pop' have been used to describe more commercially successful music that uses elements from, or the form of, rock music. Pop-rock has been defined as an 'upbeat variety of rock music represented by artists such as Elton John,,,,, and.'

The term power pop was coined by of in 1966, but not much used until it was applied to bands like in the 1970s, who proved some of the most commercially successful of the period. • Having died down in the late 1950s, doo wop enjoyed a revival in the same period, with hits for acts like,,, and. The rise of like, and placed an emphasis on harmonies and polished production that was in contrast to earlier rock and roll. Some of the most significant girl group hits were products of the Sound, named after the block in New York where many songwriters were based, which included the number 1 hit for the Shirelles ' in 1960, penned by the partnership of and. • All of these elements, including the close harmonies of doo wop and girl groups, the carefully crafted song-writing of the Brill Building Sound and the polished production values of soul, have been seen as influencing the sound, particularly the early work of, and through them the form of later rock music. • Only the Beach Boys were able to sustain a creative career into the mid-1960s, producing a string of hit singles and albums, including the highly regarded in 1966, which made them, arguably, the only American rock or pop act that could rival The Beatles. • In Detroit, garage rock's legacy remained alive into the early 1970s, with bands such as the and, who employed a much more aggressive approach to the form.

These bands began to be labelled and are now often seen as or proto. References [ ].