• • • Copyright is a created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an original work for its use and distribution. This is usually only for a limited time. The exclusive rights are not absolute but limited by law, including fair use.

A major limitation on copyright is that copyright protects only the original expression of ideas, and not the underlying ideas themselves. Copyright is a form of, applicable to certain forms of creative work. Some, but not all jurisdictions require 'fixing' copyrighted works in a tangible form. It is often shared among multiple authors, each of whom holds a set of rights to use or license the work, and who are commonly referred to as rights holders. These rights frequently include reproduction, control over, distribution,, and such as attribution. Copyrights are considered ', which means that they do not extend beyond the territory of a specific jurisdiction. While many aspects of national copyright laws have been standardized through, copyright laws vary by country.

Typically, the spans the author's life plus 50 to 100 years (that is, copyright typically expires 50 to 100 years after the author dies, depending on the jurisdiction). Some countries require certain to establishing copyright, but most recognize copyright in any completed work, without formal registration.

Jan 15, 2017. When The Fountainhead was first published, Ayn Rand's daringly original literary vision and her groundbreaking philosophy, Objectivism, won immediate.

Would last for the life of the author 50 years, or 75 years for a work of. The 1998 Act extended these terms to life of the author 70 years and for works of corporate authorship 120 years after creation 95 years after publication, whichever end earlier. Copyright protection for works published before January 1, 1978 was increased by 20 years to a total of 95 years from their publication date. Generally, copyright is enforced as a matter, though some jurisdictions do apply sanctions. Most jurisdictions recognize copyright limitations, allowing 'fair' exceptions to the creator's exclusivity of copyright and giving users certain rights. The development of digital media and computer network technologies have prompted reinterpretation of these exceptions, introduced new difficulties in enforcing copyright, and inspired additional challenges to the philosophical basis of copyright law. Simultaneously, businesses with great economic dependence upon copyright, such as those in the music business, have advocated the extension and expansion of copyright and sought additional legal and technological enforcement.

Main article: Background [ ] Copyright came about with the invention of and with wider literacy. As a legal concept, its origins in Britain were from a reaction to printers' monopolies at the beginning of the 18th century. The English was concerned about the unregulated of books and passed the, which established a register of licensed books and required a copy to be deposited with the, essentially continuing the licensing of material that had long been in effect.

Copyright laws allow products of creative human activities, such as literary and artistic production, to be preferentially exploited and thus incentivized. Different cultural attitudes, social organizations, economic models and legal frameworks are seen to account for why copyright emerged in and not, for example, in Asia. In the in Europe, there was generally a lack of any concept of literary property due to the general relations of production, the specific organization of literary production and the role of culture in society. The latter refers to the tendency of oral societies, such as that of Europe in the medieval period, to view knowledge as the product and expression of the collective, rather than to see it as individual property.

However, with copyright laws, intellectual production comes to be seen as a product of an individual, with attendant rights. The most significant point is that patent and copyright laws support the expansion of the range of creative human activities that can be commodified. This parallels the ways in which led to the of many aspects of social life that earlier had no monetary or economic value per se. Copyright has grown from a legal concept regulating copying rights in the publishing of books and maps to one with a significant effect on nearly every modern industry, covering such items as, films, photographs, software, and architectural works.

National copyrights [ ]. The Pirate Publisher—An International Burlesque that has the Longest Run on Record, from, 1886, satirizes the then-existing situation where a publisher could profit by simply stealing newly published works from one country, and publishing them in another, and vice versa. The 1886 first established recognition of copyrights among, rather than merely bilaterally. Under the Berne Convention, copyrights for do not have to be asserted or declared, as they are automatically in force at creation: an author need not 'register' or 'apply for' a copyright in countries adhering to the Berne Convention.

As soon as a work is 'fixed', that is, written or recorded on some physical medium, its author is automatically entitled to all copyrights in the work, and to any derivative works unless and until the author explicitly disclaims them, or until the copyright expires. The Berne Convention also resulted in foreign authors being treated equivalently to domestic authors, in any country signed onto the Convention.

The UK signed the Berne Convention in 1887 but did not implement large parts of it until 100 years later with the passage of the. Specially, for educational and scientific research purposes, the Berne Convention provides the developing countries issue compulsory licenses for the translation or reproduction of copyrighted works within the limits prescribed by the Convention. This was a special provision that had been added at the time of 1971 revision of the Convention, because of the strong demands of the developing countries. The United States did not sign the Berne Convention until 1989. The United States and most countries instead entered into the in 1910, which required a copyright notice on the work (such as ), and permitted signatory nations to limit the duration of copyrights to shorter and renewable terms.

The was drafted in 1952 as another less demanding alternative to the Berne Convention, and ratified by nations such as the and developing nations. The regulations of the are incorporated into the 's agreement (1995), thus giving the Berne Convention effectively near-global application. In 1961, the signed the.

In 1996, this organization was succeeded by the founding of the, which launched the 1996 and the 2002, which enacted greater restrictions on the use of technology to copy works in the nations that ratified it. The includes relating to copyright. Copyright laws are standardized somewhat through these international conventions such as the and. These multilateral treaties have been ratified by nearly all countries, and such as the or require their member states to comply with them. Obtaining protection [ ] Ownership [ ] The original holder of the copyright may be the employer of the author rather than the author himself if the work is a '.

For example, in the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 provides that if a copyrighted work is made by an employee in the course of that employment, the copyright is automatically owned by the employer which would be a 'Work for Hire'. Typically, the first owner of a copyright is the person who created the work i.e. But when more than one person creates the work, then a case of can be made provided some criteria are met. Eligible works [ ] Copyright may apply to a wide range of creative, intellectual, or artistic forms, or 'works'. Specifics vary by, but these can include,, and other,,,,,,,,,, and, and. Graphic and industrial designs may have separate or overlapping laws applied to them in some jurisdictions.

Copyright does not cover ideas and information themselves, only the form or manner in which they are expressed. For example, the copyright to a cartoon restricts others from making copies of the cartoon or creating based on particular mouse, but does not prohibit the creation of other works about anthropomorphic mice in general, so long as they are different enough to not be judged copies of Disney's. Note additionally that Mickey Mouse is not copyrighted because characters cannot be copyrighted; rather, is copyrighted and Mickey Mouse, as a character in that copyrighted work, is afforded protection. Originality [ ]. Main article: Typically, a work must meet in order to qualify for copyright, and the copyright expires after a set period of time (some jurisdictions may allow this to be extended).

Different countries impose different tests, although generally the requirements are low; in the there has to be some 'skill, labour, and judgment' that has gone into it. In and the United Kingdom it has been held that a single word is insufficient to comprise a copyright work. However, single words or a short string of words can sometimes be registered as a instead. Copyright law recognizes the right of an author based on whether the work actually is an original creation, rather than based on whether it is unique; two authors may own copyright on two substantially identical works, if it is determined that the duplication was coincidental, and neither was copied from the other. Registration [ ]. A copyright certificate for proof of the, issued by the State Department of Intellectual Property of Ukraine. In all countries where the standards apply, copyright is automatic, and need not be obtained through official registration with any government office.

Once an idea has been reduced to tangible form, for example by securing it in a fixed medium (such as a drawing, sheet music, photograph, a videotape, or a computer file), the copyright holder is entitled to enforce his or her exclusive rights. However, while registration isn't needed to exercise copyright, in jurisdictions where the laws provide for registration, it serves as evidence of a valid copyright and enables the copyright holder to seek and attorney's fees. (In the USA, registering after an infringement only enables one to receive actual damages and lost profits.) A widely circulated strategy to avoid the cost of copyright registration is referred to as the. It proposes that the creator send the work to himself in a sealed envelope by registered mail, using the to establish the date. This technique has not been recognized in any published opinions of the United States courts.

The United States Copyright Office says the technique is not a substitute for actual registration. Designcad Pro 2000 Free Download. The United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office discusses the technique and notes that the technique (as well as commercial registries) does not constitute dispositive proof that the work is original or establish who created the work. Fixing [ ] The allows member countries to decide whether creative works must be 'fixed' to enjoy copyright. Article 2, Section 2 of the Berne Convention states: 'It shall be a matter for legislation in the countries of the Union to prescribe that works in general or any specified categories of works shall not be protected unless they have been fixed in some material form.' Some countries do not require that a work be produced in a particular form to obtain copyright protection.

For instance, Spain, France, and Australia do not require fixation for copyright protection. The United States and Canada, on the other hand, require that most works must be 'fixed in a tangible medium of expression' to obtain copyright protection. Law requires that the fixation be stable and permanent enough to be 'perceived, reproduced or communicated for a period of more than transitory duration.' Similarly, Canadian courts consider fixation to require that the work be 'expressed to some extent at least in some material form, capable of identification and having a more or less permanent endurance.'

Copyright notice [ ]. A copyright symbol used in copyright notice Before 1989, United States law required the use of a copyright notice, consisting of the (©, the letter C inside a circle), the abbreviation 'Copr.' , or the word 'Copyright', followed by the year of the first publication of the work and the name of the copyright holder. Several years may be noted if the work has gone through substantial revisions. The proper copyright notice for sound recordings of musical or other audio works is a (℗, the letter P inside a circle), which indicates a sound recording copyright, with the letter P indicating a 'phonorecord'.

In addition, the phrase was once required to assert copyright, but that phrase is now legally obsolete. Almost everything on the Internet has some sort of copyright attached to it. Whether these things are watermarked, signed, or have any other sort of indication of the copyright is a different story however. In 1989 the United States enacted the Implementation Act, amending the 1976 Copyright Act to conform to most of the provisions of the Berne Convention. As a result, the use of copyright notices has become optional to claim copyright, because the Berne Convention makes copyright automatic. However, the lack of notice of copyright using these marks may have consequences in terms of reduced damages in an infringement lawsuit – using notices of this form may reduce the likelihood of a defense of 'innocent infringement' being successful.

Enforcement [ ] Copyrights are generally enforced by the holder in a court, but there are also criminal infringement statutes in some jurisdictions. While are kept in some countries which aid in proving claims of ownership, registering does not necessarily prove ownership, nor does the fact of copying (even without permission) necessarily that copyright was infringed.

Criminal sanctions are generally aimed at serious counterfeiting activity, but are now becoming more commonplace as copyright collectives such as the are increasingly targeting the home Internet user. Thus far, however, most such cases against file sharers have been settled out of court.

(See: ) In most jurisdictions the copyright holder must bear the cost of enforcing copyright. This will usually involve engaging legal representation, administrative or court costs. In light of this, many copyright disputes are settled by a direct approach to the infringing party in order to settle the dispute out of court. '.by 1978, the scope was expanded to apply to any 'expression' that has been 'fixed' in any medium, this protection granted automatically whether the maker wants it or not, no registration required.' Copyright infringement [ ].

Main article: For a work to be considered to infringe upon copyright, its use must have occurred in a nation that has domestic copyright laws or adheres to a bilateral treaty or established international convention such as the. Improper use of materials outside of legislation is deemed 'unauthorized edition', not copyright infringement.

Copyright infringement most often occurs to software, film and music. However, infringement upon books and other text works remains common, especially for educational reasons.

Statistics regarding the effects of copyright infringement are difficult to determine. Studies have attempted to determine whether there is a monetary loss for industries affected by copyright infringement by predicting what portion of pirated works would have been formally purchased if they had not been freely available. Other reports indicate that copyright infringement does not have an adverse effect on the entertainment industry, and can have a positive effect. In particular, a 2014 university study concluded that free music content, accessed on YouTube, does not necessarily hurt sales, instead has the potential to increase sales. Rights granted [ ] Exclusive rights [ ] Several exclusive rights typically attach to the holder of a copyright: • to produce copies or reproductions of the work and to sell those copies (including, typically, electronic copies) • to import or export the work • to create (works that adapt the original work) • to perform or display the work publicly • to sell or cede these rights to others • to transmit or display by radio or video.

The phrase 'exclusive right' means that only the copyright holder is free to exercise those rights, and others are prohibited from using the work without the holder's permission. Copyright is sometimes called a 'negative right', as it serves to prohibit certain people (e.g., readers, viewers, or listeners, and primarily publishers and would be publishers) from doing something they would otherwise be able to do, rather than permitting people (e.g., authors) to do something they would otherwise be unable to do.

In this way it is similar to the in and. The rights of the copyright holder also permit him/her to not use or exploit their copyright, for some or all of the term. There is, however, a critique which rejects this assertion as being based on a that is not universally shared. There is also debate on whether copyright should be considered a or a. If a pictorial, graphic or sculptural work is a useful article, it is copyrighted only if its aesthetic features are separable from its utilitarian features. A useful article is an article having an intrinsic utilitarian function that is not merely to portray the appearance of the article or to convey information.

They must be separable from the functional aspect to be copyrighted. Duration [ ].

Expansion of U.S. Copyright law (currently based on the date of creation or publication). Copyright subsists for a variety of lengths in different jurisdictions. The length of the term can depend on several factors, including the type of work (e.g.

Musical composition, novel), whether the work has been, and whether the work was created by an individual or a corporation. In most of the world, the default length of copyright is the life of the author plus either 50 or 70 years. In the United States, the term for most existing works is a fixed number of years after the date of creation or publication. Under most countries' laws (for example, the United States and the United Kingdom ), copyrights expire at the end of the calendar year in question. The length and requirements for copyright duration are subject to change by legislation, and since the early 20th century there have been a number of adjustments made in various countries, which can make determining the duration of a given copyright somewhat difficult.

For example, the United States used to require copyrights to be renewed after 28 years to stay in force, and formerly required a copyright notice upon first publication to gain coverage. In Italy and France, there were post-wartime extensions that could increase the term by approximately 6 years in Italy and up to about 14 in France. Many countries have extended the length of their copyright terms (sometimes retroactively). International treaties establish minimum terms for copyrights, but individual countries may enforce longer terms than those. In the United States, all books and other works published before 1923 have expired copyrights and are in the public domain. In addition, works published before 1964 that did not have their copyrights renewed 28 years after first publication year also are in the public domain. Hirtle points out that the great majority of these works (including 93% of the books) were not renewed after 28 years and are in the public domain.

Books originally published outside the US by non-Americans are exempt from this renewal requirement, if they are still under copyright in their home country. But if the intended exploitation of the work includes publication (or distribution of derivative work, such as a film based on a book protected by copyright) outside the U.S., the terms of copyright around the world must be considered.

If the author has been dead more than 70 years, the work is in the public domain in most, but not all, countries. In 1998, the length of a copyright in the United States was increased by 20 years under the. This legislation was strongly promoted by corporations which had valuable copyrights which otherwise would have expired, and has been the subject of substantial criticism on this point. Main article: In many jurisdictions, copyright law makes exceptions to these restrictions when the work is copied for the purpose of commentary or other related uses. It should be noted that US copyright does NOT cover names, title, short phrases or Listings (such as ingredients, recipes, labels, or formulas). However, there are protections available for those areas copyright does not cover – such as and.

There are some exceptions to what copyright will protect. Copyright will not protect: • Names of products • Names of businesses, organizations, or groups • Pseudonyms of individuals • Titles of works • Catchwords, catchphrases, mottoes, slogans, or short advertising expressions • Listings of ingredients in recipes, labels, and formulas, though the directions can be copyrighted Idea–expression dichotomy and the merger doctrine [ ]. Main articles: and Copyright law does not restrict the owner of a copy from reselling legitimately obtained copies of copyrighted works, provided that those copies were originally produced by or with the permission of the copyright holder. It is therefore legal, for example, to resell a copyrighted book.

In the United States this is known as the, and was established by the to clarify the legality of reselling books in second-hand. Some countries may have restrictions that allow the copyright holder to control the. This may mean for example that a copy of a book that does not infringe copyright in the country where it was printed does infringe copyright in a country into which it is imported for retailing. The first-sale doctrine is known as in other countries and is a principle which also applies, though somewhat differently, to and rights. It is important to note that the first-sale doctrine permits the transfer of the particular legitimate copy involved. It does not permit making or distributing additional copies. In, in 2013, the held in a 6-3 decision that the first-sale doctrine applies to goods manufactured abroad with the copyright owner's permission and then imported into the US without such permission.

The case involved a plaintiff who imported Asian editions of textbooks that had been manufactured abroad with the publisher-plaintiff's permission. The defendant, without permission from the publisher, imported the textbooks and resold on eBay. The Supreme Court's holding severely limits the ability of copyright holders to prevent such importation. In addition, copyright, in most cases, does not prohibit one from acts such as modifying, defacing, or destroying his or her own legitimately obtained copy of a copyrighted work, so long as duplication is not involved. However, in countries that implement, a copyright holder can in some cases successfully prevent the mutilation or destruction of a work that is publicly visible. Fair use and fair dealing [ ]. Main articles: and Copyright does not prohibit all copying or replication.

In the United States, the, codified by the as 17 U.S.C. Section 107, permits some copying and distribution without permission of the copyright holder or payment to same. The statute does not clearly define fair use, but instead gives four non-exclusive factors to consider in a fair use analysis. Those factors are: • the purpose and character of one's use • the nature of the copyrighted work • what amount and proportion of the whole work was taken, and • the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. In the and many other countries, a similar notion of fair dealing was established by the or through. The concept is sometimes not well defined; however in, private copying for personal use has been expressly permitted by statute since 1999.

In, 2012 SCC 37, the concluded that limited copying for educational purposes could also be justified under the fair dealing exemption. In Australia, the fair dealing exceptions under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) are a limited set of circumstances under which copyrighted material can be legally copied or adapted without the copyright holder's consent. Fair dealing uses are research and study; review and critique; news reportage and the giving of professional advice (i.e. Under current, although it is still a breach of copyright to copy, reproduce or adapt copyright material for personal or private use without permission from the copyright owner, owners of a legitimate copy are permitted to “format shift” that work from one medium to another for personal, private use, or to “time shift” a broadcast work for later, once and only once, viewing or listening. Other technical exemptions from infringement may also apply, such as the temporary reproduction of a work in machine readable form for a computer. In the United States the AHRA ( Codified in Section 10, 1992) prohibits action against consumers making noncommercial recordings of music, in return for royalties on both media and devices plus mandatory copy-control mechanisms on recorders.

Section 1008. Prohibition on certain infringement actions No action may be brought under this title alleging infringement of copyright based on the manufacture, importation, or distribution of a digital audio recording device, a digital audio recording medium, an analog recording device, or an analog recording medium, or based on the noncommercial use by a consumer of such a device or medium for making digital musical recordings or analog musical recordings. Later acts amended US Copyright law so that for certain purposes making 10 copies or more is construed to be commercial, but there is no general rule permitting such copying. Indeed, making one complete copy of a work, or in many cases using a portion of it, for commercial purposes will not be considered fair use. The prohibits the manufacture, importation, or distribution of devices whose intended use, or only significant commercial use, is to bypass an access or copy control put in place by a copyright owner.

An appellate court has held that fair use is not a defense to engaging in such distribution. The allows EU member states to implement a set of exceptions to copyright. A copyright, or aspects of it (e.g.

Reproduction alone, all but moral rights), may be assigned or transferred from one party to another. For example, a musician who records an album will often sign an agreement with a record company in which the musician agrees to transfer all copyright in the recordings in exchange for royalties and other considerations. The creator (and original copyright holder) benefits, or expects to, from production and marketing capabilities far beyond those of the author. In the digital age of music, music may be copied and distributed at minimal cost through the; however, the attempts to provide promotion and marketing for the artist and his or her work so it can reach a much larger audience. A copyright holder need not transfer all rights completely, though many publishers will insist.

Some of the rights may be transferred, or else the copyright holder may grant another party a non-exclusive license to copy or distribute the work in a particular region or for a specified period of time. A transfer or licence may have to meet particular formal requirements in order to be effective, for example under the Australian the copyright itself must be expressly transferred in writing. Under the U.S.

Copyright Act, a transfer of ownership in copyright must be memorialized in a writing signed by the transferor. For that purpose, ownership in copyright includes exclusive licenses of rights. Thus exclusive licenses, to be effective, must be granted in a written instrument signed by the grantor. No special form of transfer or grant is required. A simple document that identifies the work involved and the rights being granted is sufficient.

Non-exclusive grants (often called non-exclusive licenses) need not be in writing under. They can be oral or even implied by the behavior of the parties. Transfers of copyright ownership, including exclusive licenses, may and should be recorded in the U.S.

Copyright Office. (Information on recording transfers is available on the Office's web site.) While recording is not required to make the grant effective, it offers important benefits, much like those obtained by recording a deed in a transaction. Copyright may also be.

Some jurisdictions may provide that certain classes of copyrighted works be made available under a prescribed (e.g. Musical works in the United States used for radio broadcast or performance). This is also called a, because under this scheme, anyone who wishes to copy a covered work does not need the permission of the copyright holder, but instead merely files the proper notice and pays a set fee established by statute (or by an agency decision under statutory guidance) for every copy made. Failure to follow the proper procedures would place the copier at risk of an infringement suit. Because of the difficulty of following every individual work, or and (such as,, and ) have been formed to collect royalties for hundreds (thousands and more) works at once. Though this market solution bypasses the statutory license, the availability of the statutory fee still helps dictate the price per work collective rights organizations charge, driving it down to what avoidance of procedural hassle would justify.

Free licenses [ ] Copyright licenses known as open or seek to grant several rights to licensees, either for a fee or not, to an effect inspired by the. Free in this context is not as much of a reference to price as it is to freedom. What constitutes free licensing has been characterised in a number of similar definitions, including by order of longevity the, the, the and the. Further refinements to these licenses have resulted in categories such as and. Common examples of free licences are the, and some. Founded in 2001 by,, and, the (CC) is a non-profit organization which aims to facilitate the legal sharing of creative works.

To this end, the organization provides a number of generic copyright license options to the public,. These licenses allow copyright holders to define conditions under which others may use a work and to specify what types of use are acceptable. Terms of use have traditionally been negotiated on an individual basis between copyright holder and potential licensee. Therefore, a general CC license outlining which rights the copyright holder is willing to waive enables the general public to use such works more freely. Six general types of CC licenses are available (although some of them are not properly free per the above definitions and per Creative Commons' own advice). These are based upon copyright-holder stipulations such as whether he or she is willing to allow modifications to the work, whether he or she permits the creation of derivative works and whether he or she is willing to permit commercial use of the work.

As of 2009 approximately 130 million individuals had received such licenses. Criticism [ ] Some sources are critical of particular aspects of the copyright system. This is known as a debate over.

Particularly on the internet, there is discussion about the, the. Such concerns are often couched in the language of and. Discussions include, a 2004 book. Lessig coined the term to describe a worst-case system. (documentary) and, discuss copyright.

Some suggest an. Some groups reject copyright altogether, taking an stance. The perceived inability to enforce copyright online leads some to advocate. Public domain [ ]. Main article: Copyright, like other, is subject to a statutorily determined term. Once the term of a copyright has expired, the formerly copyrighted work enters the public domain and may be freely used or exploited by anyone.

Courts in common law countries, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, have rejected the doctrine of a. Public domain works should not be confused with works that are publicly available. Works posted in the, for example, are publicly available, but are not generally in the public domain. Copying such works may therefore violate the author's copyright. See also [ ].

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136-137, Patterson, 1968, Vanderbilt Univ. Press • Bettig, Ronald V. Copyrighting Culture: The Political Economy of Intellectual Property.

Westview Press. • Ronan, Deazley (2006).. Edward Elgar Publishing. Archived from on 19 November 2011. Retrieved 2012-06-08. • Frank Thadeusz (18 August 2010)...

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• 25 June 2008 at the. As of 2000-01-01: the dates given in the document are dates of ratification, not dates of coming into force. The Geneva Act came into force on 16 September 1955, for the first twelve to have ratified (which included four non-members of the Berne Union as required by Art. 9.1), or three months after ratification for other countries. Archived from (PDF) on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 2007-01-29. • as of May 2012. • MacQueen, Hector L; Charlotte Waelde; Graeme T Laurie (2007)..

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• • The Duration of Copyright and Rights in Performances Regulations 1995,, Amendments of the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 • Nimmer, David (2003).. Kluwer Law International. • See Peter B.

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• Dowd, Raymond J. Copyright Litigation Handbook (1st ed.). Thomson West.. • Ellis, Sara R. Copyrighting Couture: An Examination of Fashion Design Protection and Why the DPPA and IDPPPA are a Step Towards the Solution to Counterfeit Chic, 78 Tenn. 163 (2010), available.

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Matthew Bender.. • Patterson, Lyman Ray (1968). Copyright in Historical Perspective.

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Convention, Copyright, and Digital Writing (Southern Illinois University Press; 2013) 222 pages; Examines legal, pedagogical, and other aspects of online authorship. • Rosen, Ronald (2008). Music and Copyright. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press.. • Shipley, David E. UGA Legal Studies Research Paper No.

08-001; Journal of Intellectual Property Law, Vol. • Silverthorne, Sean.., 2004. • Sorce Keller, Marcello. 'Originality, Authenticity and Copyright', Sonus, VII(2007), no. 2, pp. 77–85.

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Copy/South Research Group.. External links [ ] has the text of the article. Has original text related to this article.